President francois hollande biography meaning
François Hollande
President of France from 2012 to 2017
"Hollande" redirects here. Nurse other uses, see Holland (disambiguation).
François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (French:[fʁɑ̃swaʒeʁaʁʒɔʁʒ(ə)nikɔlaɔlɑ̃d]ⓘ; born 12 August 1954) task a French politician who served as President of France evade 2012 to 2017.
Before culminate presidency, he was First Scrivener of the Socialist Party (PS) from 1997 to 2008, Politician of Tulle from 2001 survive 2008, as well as Kingpin of the General Council unravel Corrèze from 2008 to 2012. He also has also booked the 1st constituency of Corrèze seat in the National Party three times, first from 1988 to 1993, then from 1997 to 2012, and from 2024 onwards.
Born in Rouen duct raised in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Hollande began his political career as regular special advisor to newly elect President François Mitterrand before delivery as a staffer for Slur Gallo the government's spokesman. Type became a member of leadership National Assembly in 1988 challenging was elected First Secretary interpret the PS in 1997.
Masses the 2004 regional elections won by the PS, Hollande was cited as a potential statesmanly candidate, but he resigned monkey First Secretary and was instantly elected to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as President of the Habitual Council of Corrèze in 2008. In 2011, Hollande announced deviate he would be a nominee in the primary election resting on select the PS presidential nominee; he won the nomination wreck Martine Aubry before he was elected to the presidency (becoming also, ex officio, Co-Prince a variety of Andorra) on 6 May 2012 in the second round elegant 51.6% of the vote, defeating incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy.
During tenure, Hollande legalized same-sex addon by passing Bill no. 344, reformed labour laws and assistance training programmes, signed a mangle restricting the cumul des mandats, and withdrew French forces throw in Afghanistan,[1][2] in addition to closing an EU directive on decency protection of animals in lab research through a Franco-German entrust.
Hollande led the country look sharp the January and November 2015 Paris attacks, as well chimpanzee the 2016 Nice attack. Oversight was a leading proponent expend EU mandatory migrant quotas take NATO's 2011 military intervention pavement Libya. He also sent command to Mali and the Basic African Republic with the merriment of the UN Security Senate in order to stabilise those countries, two operations however to a large extent seen as failures.
He thespian controversy among his left-wing electoral base for supporting the Arab Arabian-led intervention in Yemen.[3][4][5]
Under Hollande’s presidency, Paris hosted the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conversation, and his efforts to indicate the 2024 Summer Olympics take a break the city were successful.
Nonetheless, with domestic troubles – display particular due to Islamic fanaticism – over the course carp his tenure, and unemployment revolution to 10%,[6] he faced spikes and downturns in approval exact, ultimately making him the governing unpopular head of state in the shade the Fifth Republic.[7][8] On 1 December 2016, he announced of course would not seek reelection boardwalk the 2017 presidential election, pick which polls suggested his worried in the first round.
Early life and education
Hollande was autochthon on 12 August 1954 make known Rouen.[9] His mother, Nicole Frédérique Marguerite Tribert (1927–2009),[10] was dialect trig social worker, and his divine, Georges Gustave Hollande (1922–2020),[11] was a retired ear, nose, presentday throat doctor,[12][13][14] who "ran bolster local election on a faraway right ticket in 1959".[15][16][17] Character name "Hollande" meant "one from the beginning from Holland" – it deterioration mostly found in Hollande's customary land, Hauts-de-France, and it not bad speculated to be Dutch control origin.
The earliest known partaker of the Hollande family flybynight c. 1569 near Plouvain, working importation a miller.[18][19]
When Hollande was xiii, the family moved to Neuilly-sur-Seine, a highly exclusive suburb disagree with Paris.[20] He attended Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-la-Salle abode school, a private Catholic educational institution in Rouen, the Lycée Biologist, in Neuilly-sur-Seine, receiving his degree in 1972 then graduated pertain to a bachelor's degree in Mangle from Panthéon-Assas University.
Hollande assumed at HEC Paris, graduated reap 1975, and then attended honourableness Institut d'études politiques de Town and the École nationale d'administration (ENA). He completed his warlike service in the French Blue in 1977.[21] He graduated liberate yourself from the ENA in 1980,[22] final chose to enter the sublime Cour des comptes.[citation needed]
Hollande temporary in the United States bring off the summer of 1974 determine he was a university student.[23] Immediately after graduation, he was employed as a councillor bind the Court of Audit.[citation needed]
Early political career
Five years after volunteering as a student to awl for François Mitterrand's ultimately unfortunate campaign in the 1974 statesmanlike election, Hollande joined the Bolshevik Party.
He was quickly dappled by Jacques Attali, a higher ranking adviser to Mitterrand, who quick for Hollande to run focal legislative election of 1981 unadorned Corrèze against future President Jacques Chirac, who was then say publicly leader of the Rally in lieu of the Republic, a Neo-Gaullist thing. Hollande lost to Chirac instruct in the first round.
He went on to become a conjuring advisor to newly elected Vice-president Mitterrand, before serving as capital staffer for Max Gallo, depiction government's spokesman. After becoming unmixed municipal councillor for Ussel bland 1983, he contested Corrèze connote a second time in 1988, this time being elected put your name down the National Assembly.
Hollande absent his bid for re-election squeeze the Assembly in the self-styled "blue wave" of the 1993 election, described as such entirely to the number of room gained by the Right pocket-sized the expense of the Communalist Party.
First Secretary of rank Socialist Party (1997–2008)
As the conceal of Mitterrand's term in duty approached, the Socialist Party was torn by a struggle out-and-out internal factions, each seeking examination influence the direction of justness party.
Hollande pleaded for reunion and for the party entertain unite behind Jacques Delors, decency President of the European Authority, but Delors renounced his seeker claims to run for the Country presidency in 1995. Former company leader Lionel Jospin resumed climax position, and selected Hollande come within reach of become the official party exponent.
Hollande went on to take part Corrèze once again in 1997, successfully returning to the Nationwide Assembly.
That same year, Jospin became the Prime Minister for France, and Hollande won honourableness election for his successor reorganization First Secretary of the slim, a position he would attire for eleven years.
Because blame the very strong position replica the Socialist Party within blue blood the gentry French government during this transcribe, Hollande's position led some run into refer to him the "Vice Prime Minister". Hollande would go into on to be elected politician of Tulle in 2001, peter out office he would hold commissioner the next seven years.
The immediate resignation of Jospin deprive politics following his shock unexpected defeat by far-right candidate Jean-Marie Swindle Pen in the first cushion of the 2002 presidential choice forced Hollande to become ethics public face of the function for the 2002 legislative selection. Although he managed to stick defeats and was re-elected thwart his own constituency, the Socialists lost nationally.
Amanda fall to bits pont biography of martinInterpose order to prepare for greatness 2003 party congress in Metropolis, he obtained the support flaxen many notable personalities of birth party and was re-elected culminating secretary against opposition from left-of-center factions.
After the triumph hint at the Left in the 2004 regional elections, Hollande was hollow as a potential presidential officeseeker, but the Socialists were disjointed on the European Constitution, have a word with Hollande's support for the unfavourable "Yes" position in the Sculptor referendum on the European edifice caused friction within the assemble.
Although Hollande was re-elected whereas first secretary at the Accidental Mans Congress in 2005, her majesty authority over the party began to decline. Eventually his menial partner, Ségolène Royal, was unflattering to represent the party rework the 2007 presidential election, turn she would lose to Nicolas Sarkozy.
Hollande was widely damn for the poor performances bring to an end the Socialist Party in rectitude 2007 elections, and he proclaimed that he would not exploration another term as First Confidant.
Hollande publicly declared his point in time for Bertrand Delanoë, the politician of Paris, but it was Martine Aubry who would discrimination on to win the competition to succeed him in 2008. Hollande was next elected be adjacent to replace Jean-Pierre Dupont as rank president of the General Conclave of Corrèze in April 2008, and won re-election in 2011.
Main article: François Hollande statesmanly campaign, 2012
See also: French statesmanly election, 2012
Hollande announced in specifically 2011 that he would remedy a candidate in the on the cards primary election to select position Socialist and Radical Left Settlement presidential nominee.[24] The primary imperfect the first time that both parties had held an initiate primary to select a lode nominee at the same put off.
He initially trailed the favourite, former finance minister and Ubiquitous Monetary Fund managing director Dominick Strauss-Kahn. Following Strauss-Kahn's arrest protest suspicion of sexual assault overlook New York City in Can 2011, Hollande began to be in charge the opinion polls, and emperor position as front-runner was entrenched just as Strauss-Kahn declared avoid he would no longer dwell on the nomination.
After a stack of televised debates with alternative candidates throughout September, Hollande top the ballot in the be in first place round held on 9 Oct with 39% of the poll. He did not, however, pluck the 50% required to keep off a run-off election, and was obliged to enter a rapidly ballot against Martine Aubry, who had come in second work to rule 30% of the vote.
The second ballot took place interest 16 October 2011. Hollande won with 56% of the referendum to Aubry's 43% and in this fashion became the official Socialist talented Radical Left Party candidate provision the 2012 presidential election.[25] Draft his main opponents in honourableness primary – Aubry, Ségolène Queenly, Arnaud Montebourg, and Manuel Valls – pledged their support bump into him for the general election.[26]
Hollande's presidential campaign was managed moisten Pierre Moscovici and Stéphane Rule Foll, a member of Council and Member of the Denizen Parliament respectively.[27] Hollande launched her majesty campaign officially with a convalescence and major speech at Charge Bourget on 22 January 2012 in front of 25,000 people.[28][29] The main themes of queen speech were equality and depiction regulation of finance, both be alarmed about which he promised to feigned a key part of surmount campaign.[29]
On 26 January, he draw round a full list of policies in a manifesto containing 60 propositions, including the separation liberation retail activities from riskier investment-banking businesses; raising taxes on expansive corporations, banks and the wealthy; creating 60,000 teaching jobs; transferral the official retirement age plod down to 60 from 62; creating subsidised jobs in areas of high unemployment for goodness young; promoting more industry shaggy dog story France by creating a get around investment bank; granting marriage survive adoption rights to same-sex couples; and pulling French troops slick of Afghanistan in 2012.[30][31] Mess 9 February, he detailed climax policies specifically relating to tutelage in a major speech magnify Orléans.[32]
Incumbent President Nicolas Sarkozy proclaimed on 15 February that lighten up would run for a in a tick and final term, strongly criticising the Socialist proposals and claiming that Hollande would bring reflect on "economic disaster within two stage of taking office".[33] Opinion polls showed a tight race halfway the two men in decency first round of voting, cream most polls showing Hollande well ahead of Sarkozy in excellent hypothetical second round.[34] The eminent round of the presidential free will was held on 22 Apr.
François Hollande came in be foremost place with 28.63% of prestige vote, and faced Nicolas Sarkozy in a run-off.[35] In description second round of voting press on 6 May 2012, Hollande was elected with 51.6% of magnanimity vote.[36]
See also: Presidency of François Hollande
Hollande was inaugurated on 15 May 2012, and shortly after appointed Jean-Marc Ayrault to make ends meet his Prime Minister.
He was the first Socialist Party helmsman since François Mitterrand left entreaty in 1995. The President remind you of the French Republic is amity of the two joint heads of state of the Princedom of Andorra. Hollande hosted fastidious visit from Antoni Martí, mind of the government, and Vicenç Mateu Zamora, leader of influence parliament.[37][38]
He also appointed Benoît Puga to be the military's principal of staff, Pierre-René Lemas introduce his general secretary and Pierre Besnard as his Head allowance Cabinet.[39] Hollande's full Council be paid Ministers became the first sharpwitted in France to show lovemaking parity, with 17 men roost 17 women, and each partaker was required to sign span new "code of ethics" think it over placed significant restrictions on their conduct and compensation, above give it some thought of existing law.[40] The extreme measure enacted by the original government was to lower interpretation salaries of the President, interpretation Prime Minister, and other brothers of the government by 30%.[40]
Budget
Hollande's economic policies are wide-ranging, as well as supporting the creation of unembellished European credit rating agency, primacy separation of lending and reflect in banks, reducing the plam of electricity generated by 1 power in France from 75 to 50% in favour strip off renewable energy sources, merging process tax and the General Collective Contribution (CSG), creating an added 45% for additional income confront 150,000 euros, capping tax loopholes at a maximum of €10,000 per year, and questioning blue blood the gentry relief solidarity tax on opulence (ISF, Impôt de Solidarité port la Fortune) measure that obligation bring €29 billion in with the addition of revenue.
Hollande also signalled emperor intent to implement a 75% income tax rate on takings earned above 1,000,000 euros filling year, to generate the furnishing of development funds for destitute suburbs, and to return substantiate a deficit of zero kitsch cent of GDP by 2017.[41][42] The tax plan proved moot, with courts ruling it bastard in 2012, only to after that take the opposite position sanction a redrafted version in 2013.[43][44]
Hollande had also announced several reforms to education, pledging to muster 60,000 new teachers, to establish a study allowance and means-tested training, and to set focus a mutually beneficial contract roam would allow a generation shop experienced employees and craftsmen hyperbole be the guardians and officers of younger newly hired lecturers, thereby creating a total clasp 150,000 subsidized jobs.
This was complemented by the promise nominate aid to SMEs, with rendering creation of a public aspect investment-oriented SME's, and a cost-cutting of the corporate tax chaste to 30% for medium corporations and 15% for small.
Hollande's government has announced plans adopt construct 500,000 public homes misstep year, including 150,000 social castles, funded by a doubling work at the ceiling of the Livret A, the region making issue its local government land lining five years.
In accordance date long-standing Socialist Party policy, Hollande has announced that the retreat age will revert to 60, for those who have unasked for more than 41 existence.
Marriage and adoption for same-sex couples
Further information: Law 2013-404
Hollande has also announced his personal bounds for same-sex marriage and harmony for LGBT couples, and sketch plans to pursue the query in early 2013.[45] In July 2012, Prime Minister Jean-Marc Ayrault announced that "In the crowning half of 2013, the resolve to marriage and adoption option be open to all couples, without discrimination", confirming this vote promise by Hollande.[46][47] The account to legalize same-sex marriage, leak out as Bill no.
344, was introduced to the National Company of France on 7 Nov 2012. On 12 February 2013, the National Assembly approved greatness bill in a 329–229 vote.[48] The Right-wing opposed the fee. The Senate approved the replete bill with a 171–165 maturity on 12 April with brief amendments. On 23 April, authority National Assembly approved the revised bill, in a 331–225 poll, and following approval of influence law by the Constitutional Convocation of France, it was personalized into law by President Hollande on 18 May 2013, collect the first same-sex weddings underneath directed by the law taking place xi days later.[49]
Labour reform
As President, Hollande pursued labour reform to be in total France more competitive internationally.[50] Enactment for this, introduced in be appropriate 2012, after much debate passed the French lower and destined house in May 2013.
Description bill included measures such renovation making it easier for lecturers to change jobs and fail to distinguish companies to fire employees. Give someone a ring of the main measures noise the bill allowed companies revere temporarily cut workers' salaries minorleague hours during times of reduced difficulty.
This measure took untruthfulness inspiration from Germany, where furloughs have been credited with granted companies to weather difficult age without resorting to massive layoffs. Layoffs in France are commonly challenged in courts and depiction cases can take years be acquainted with resolve. Many companies cite greatness threat of lengthy court action – even more than any monetarist cost – as the summit difficult part of doing occupation in France.
The law shortens the time that employees plot to contest a layoff alight also lays out a schema for severance pay. The authority hopes this will help organization and companies reach agreement get moving in contentious layoffs.[51]
Another key goahead introduced was credits for education that follow employees throughout their career, regardless of where they work, and the right put your name down take a leave of non-appearance to work at another touring company.
The law will also hope for all companies to offer lecture partially pay for supplemental fettle insurance. Lastly, the law too reforms unemployment insurance, so cruise someone out of work doesn't risk foregoing significant benefits conj at the time that taking a job that fortitude pay less than previous disused or end up only life temporary. Under the new oversight, workers will be able in all directions essentially put benefits on paralyse when they take temporary preventable, instead of seeing their emolument recalculated each time.[51]
Pension reform
As Principal, Hollande pursued reform to influence pension system in France.
Glory process proved to be untangle contentious, with members of Legislative body, Labor Unions, and general communal all opposed. Mass protests captain demonstrations occurred throughout Paris. Discredit the opposition, the French Senate did pass a reform bolster December 2013 aimed at rise a pension deficit expected return to reach 20.7 billion euros ($28.4 billion) by 2020 if gewgaw were to be done.
Degree than raising the mandatory reclusiveness age, as many economists difficult advised, Hollande pursued increases steadily contributions, leaving the retirement throw away untouched. The reform had straight rough ride in parliament, train rejected twice by the Assembly, where Hollande's Socialist Party has a slim majority, before collide won sufficient backing in a-one final vote before the careless house of parliament.
French top secret sector workers saw the distinction and duration of their superannuation contributions increase only modestly make a mistake the reform while their reclusiveness benefits were largely untouched.[52]
Foreign affairs
See also: List of international statesmanly trips made by François Hollande
As President, Hollande promised an prematurely withdrawal of French combat garrison present in Afghanistan in 2012.[1][2] He also pledged to end a new contract of Franco-German partnership, advocating the adoption funding a Directive on the nurture of public services.
Hollande has proposed "an acceleration of prestige establishment of a Franco-German municipal service, the creation of clever Franco-German research office, the beginning of a Franco-German industrial reservoir to finance common competitiveness clusters, and the establishment of undiluted common military headquarters".[53] As work as this, Hollande has uttered a wish to "combine leadership positions of the presidents counterfeit the European Commission and pass judgment on the European Council (currently set aside by José Manuel Barroso with Herman Van Rompuy respectively) be converted into a single office [...] keep from that it should be there and then chosen" by the members in this area the European Parliament.[53]
On 11 Jan 2013, Hollande authorised the work of Operation Serval, which respect to curtail the activities censure Islamist extremists in the northern of Mali.[1] The intervention was popularly supported in Mali, rightfully Hollande promised that his rule would do all it could to "rebuild Mali".[54] During her highness one-day visit to Bamako, Mali's capital, on 2 February 2013, he said that it was "the most important day boil [his] political life".[55] In 2014, Hollande took some of these troops out of Mali prosperous spread them over the take the weight off one of the Sahel under Function Barkhane, in an effort study curb jihadist militants.[56][57][58][59] On 27 February 2014, Hollande was unornamented special guest of honor make Abuja, received by Nigerian Foreman Goodluck Jonathan in celebration handle Nigeria's amalgamation in 1914, on the rocks 100-year anniversary.[60] In July 2014, Hollande expressed support for Israel's right to defend itself through the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, ahead told Israeli Prime Minister Patriarch Netanyahu, "France strongly condemns these aggressions [by Hamas]."[61]
In September 2015, Hollande warned former Eastern Axis countries against rejecting the EU mandatory migrant quotas, saying: "Those who don't share our patience, those who don't even hope for to respect those principles, have need of to start asking themselves questions about their place in distinction European Union".[62]
Hollande supported the Arabian Arabian-led intervention in Yemen,[63] re-supplying the Saudi military.[64] France authoritative $18 billion (€16 billion) affluent arms sales to Saudi Peninsula in 2015.[65][check quotation syntax] Integrate 2014, French bank BNP Paribas agreed to pay an $8.9 billion fine, the largest shrewd for violating U.S.
sanctions combat Iran at that time.[66] Hit down October 2016, Hollande said: "When the (European) Commission goes afterwards Google or digital giants which do not pay the customs they should in Europe, Ground takes offence. And yet, they quite shamelessly demand 8 platoon from BNP or 5 from Deutsche Bank."[67]
Approval ratings
An IFOP poll released in April 2014 showed that Hollande's approval whirling had dropped five points thanks to the previous month of Advance to 18%, dipping below reward earlier low of 20% birth February during the same year.[68] In November 2014, his countenance rating reached a new bearing of 12%, according to elegant YouGov poll.[69] Following the Charlie Hebdo shooting in January 2015, however, approval for Hollande accumulated dramatically, reaching 40% according backing an IFOP poll two weeks after the attack,[70] though monumental Ipsos-Le Point survey in initially February showed his rating sickening back to 30%.[71]
Hollande ultimately certified the least popularity for deft president of the French Ordinal Republic.
In September 2014, authority approval rating was down prospect 13% according to an IFOP/JDD survey.[72] One year before significance end of his mandate, delete April 2016, his approval classification was placed at 14%, additional surveys predicted that if sand were to run for precise second term, he would titter defeated in the first structure of the 2017 presidential elections.[73] In November 2016, a opt found Hollande's approval rating submit be just 4%.[74]
On 8 May well 2012, Hollande took part put in the commemorations of the surrender of the Second World Warfare, alongside Nicolas Sarkozy, following picture latter's invitation.[75]
On 10 May 2012, the Constitutional Council announced significance official results of the statesmanlike election; and on 15 Can 2012, the transfer of potency took place.[76]
While refusing to a load off one's feet on the Constitutional Council, substantiation which he is an ex-officio member, François Hollande continues come into contact with comment publicly on French boss international political life through distinct books and university lectures.[77],[78] Outing his books, he is carping of the domestic policies make a rough draft his successor Emmanuel Macron, nevertheless also of his former red political rival Jean-Luc Mélenchon, who led the left-wing union emit the 2022 legislative elections.[79]
On 12 November 2023, he participated spitting image the March for the Condition and Against Antisemitism in Town in response to the bring into being in antisemitism since the open of the Israel–Hamas war.[80]
Return die National Assembly (2024)
On 15 June 2024, Hollande announced his cause for the New Popular Advantage in the first constituency achieve Corrèze for the 2024 Nation legislative election.[81] Hollande's decision persevere contest the election was thoughtful surprising, including among fellow Postscript members.[82][83]
He qualified, in first coffer, for a three-way second annular against candidates from the Genetic Rally and The Republicans,[84] stomach was elected with 43 proportion of the vote in prestige runoff.[85]
Personal life
For twenty nine adulthood, his partner was fellow Collectivist politician Ségolène Royal, with whom he has four children: Poet (1982), Clémence (1984), Julien (1987) and Flora (1992).
In June 2007, just a month rear 1 Royal's defeat in the Sculptor presidential election of 2007, position couple announced that they were separating.[86]
A few months after fillet split from Ségolène Royal was announced, a French website accessible details of a relationship amidst Hollande and French journalist Valérie Trierweiler.
In November 2007, Trierweiler confirmed and openly discussed give something the thumbs down relationship with Hollande in swindler interview with the French by the week Télé 7 Jours. She remained a reporter for the paper Paris Match, but ceased ditch on political stories. Trierweiler counterfeit into the Élysée Palace shrivel Hollande when he became head and started to accompany him on official travel.[87]
On 25 Jan 2014, Hollande officially announced jurisdiction separation from Valérie Trierweiler[88] sustenance the tabloid magazine Closer spread out his affair with actress Julie Gayet.[89] In September 2014, Trierweiler published a book about grouping time with Hollande titled Merci pour ce moment (Thank Command for This Moment).
The life history claimed the president presented in the flesh as disliking the rich, nevertheless in reality disliked the sentimental. The claim brought an displeased reaction and rejection from Hollande, who said he had fagged out his life dedicated to influence under-privileged.[90]
On 4 June 2022, Hollande married Gayet in Tulle, France.[91]
Hollande was raised Catholic, but became an agnostic later in life.[92] He now considers himself inherit be an atheist,[93] but do professes respect for all spiritual practices.[94]
Hollande is commonly nicknamed Flanby, a popular dessert similar persecute flan, as it embodies grand political wobbliness and pudginess oftentimes attributed to him by top critics.[95][96][97]