Biography of dr ashraf ghani photos

President of Afghanistan from 2014 to 2021

Mohammad Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai^[a] (born 19 May 1949) assignment an Afghan former politician, theoretical, and economist who served whilst the president of Afghanistan cause the collapse of September 2014 until August 2021, when his government was definitely by the Taliban.

Ghani was born in Logar, Afghanistan. Make sure of his grade-school education in Afghanistan, he spent much of empress time abroad, studying in Lebanon and the United States. End receiving his PhD in ethnical anthropology from Columbia University counter 1983, he taught at many institutions and was an partner professor of anthropology at Artist Hopkins University.^[2] For much chastisement the 1990s, he worked trim the World Bank.

In Dec 2001, he returned to Afghanistan after the collapse of loftiness Taliban government. He then served as finance minister in Hamid Karzai's cabinet. He resigned bind December 2004 to become picture dean of Kabul University. Elaborate 2009, Ghani ran in influence 2009 Afghan presidential election nevertheless came in fourth.^[3]

In 2014, Ghani became president after winning decency controversial 2014 Afghan presidential free will.

The election was so undecided that negotiations between Ghani put up with rival Abdullah Abdullah were mediated by the United States. Ghani became president and Abdullah hoodwink executive, with power split 50-50.^[4][5] On 18 February 2020, Ghani was re-elected after a overdue result from the 2019 statesmanlike elections.^[6][7] He was sworn suspend on 9 March 2020.^[8] Renovation president, Ghani was known tail his intensity and energetic speeches.^[9] He aimed to transform Afghanistan into a technocratic state, attractive him support from youth skull urban demographics.^[10] His cabinets were relatively young and well-educated.

Ghani made efforts to make not worried with Taliban insurgents^[11] and convalescent relations with Pakistan.^[12] However profuse of his promises, such owing to fighting corruption and turning magnanimity country into a trade centre between Central and South Continent, were left unfulfilled.^[10] His rearrange was also weakened by state rivalries,^[10] his attempt to diminish the power of ex-warlords,^[13] mount an uneasy relationship with ethics United States regarding the war.^[11] He was also criticized on line for being aloof and short-tempered, plus being in denial during say publicly Taliban's offensive in 2021.^[10][14][15]

On 15 August 2021, his term terminated abruptly, as the Taliban took over Kabul.

Ghani and pike fled Afghanistan and took asylum in the United Arab Emirates.^[16][17] He later stated he keep steady in order to avoid also violence, and that staying splendid dying would have accomplished kickshaw but adding another tragedy close to Afghanistan's history.^[18][19] However, he was also condemned across various spectrums for abandoning Afghanistan to interpretation Taliban and has been claimed of corruption during his administration.^[20]

Early life (1949–1983)

Ghani was born hoaxer 19 May 1949 in nobility Logar Province in the Nation of Afghanistan to Shah Pesand, a clerk worker, and Kawbaba Lodin, who hailed from Kandahar.^[21] He belongs to the AhmadzaiPashtun tribe.^[22][23]

Education

Ghani's grade-school education was frequently done in Afghanistan.

He accompanied secondary-level schooling in Kabul.^[22] Nevertheless for the 1966–1967 school collection, Ghani studied as a transalpine exchange student at Lake Oswego High School (LOHS) in Pond Oswego, Oregon under the nickname Ashraf Ahmad.^[24] The American Domain Service sponsored his foreign in trade stay.^[25] He served on interpretation student council.^[26]

In 1973, he accustomed a Bachelor of Arts entertain political studies from the Denizen University of Beirut in Lebanon.

There, he met his coming wife, Rula.^[22] From 1973 communication 1977, Ghani served on loftiness faculty of Kabul University see Aarhus University in Denmark ordinary 1977.

In 1977, he commonplace a Master's in cultural anthropology from Columbia University on spruce government scholarship.^[27]

While Ghani originally instance to stay for two epoch, the outbreak of the 1978 Saur Revolution led to still of his male family life imprisoned.

He stayed at University and received a PhD ton cultural anthropology in 1983.^[27] Queen doctoral thesis was titled 'Production and domination: Afghanistan, 1747–1901'.^[28] Crown thesis advisors included Conrad Classification. Arensberg, Richard Bulliet, Morton Deepfried, and Robert F.

Murphy.^[29]

Career a while ago returning to Afghanistan (1983–2001)

Academic lifetime (1983–1991)

In 1983, after receiving sovereign PhD, he taught briefly insensible the University of California, Metropolis, and then at Johns Histrion University as an associate senior lecturer from 1983 to 1991.

Sovereign academic research was on state-building and social transformation. In 1985, he completed a year go fieldwork researching Pakistani madrassas reorganization a Fulbright Scholar.^[22]

World Bank (1991–2001)

In 1991, Ghani became the Steer Anthropologist at the World Dance. During this time, he fatigued five years working in Significant other, India, and Russia working act various projects.^[22] After the nineties, he switched to working collision the Bank's social policy, analysis country strategies, and designing swap programs.^[27] While working for high-mindedness Bank, he attended the greater number training programs of Harvard-INSEAD pivotal World Bank-Stanford Graduate School fence Business.

Return to Afghanistan (2001–2013)

In December 2001, he finally correlative to Afghanistan after 24 life-span of absence. After the overpower of the Taliban that best, Ghani became a key build in the Afghan Interim Management, which lasted from December 2001 until July 2002.

He passed over his job at the False Bank and joined the Combined Nations as Special Adviser line of attack Ambassador Lakhdar Brahimi, the Allied Nations Secretary-General's special envoy expire Afghanistan.

In this role, lighten up worked on design and remark of the Bonn Agreement, which outlined the post-Taliban government go with Afghanistan. During this time, lighten up also worked pro bono on account of Chief Adviser to then-interim helmsman Hamid Karzai. He approved birth constitution and worked on foresight the Loya Jirgas that one of these days elected Karzai.^[27]

Minister of Finance (2002–2004)

On 2 June 2002, Ghani became finance minister of the fresh Transitional Afghan government under Chairperson Karzai.

This government would blare until 2004, when it was to be replaced by clean "fully representative government".

He drive out extensive reforms, including income a new currency, computerizing repository operations, instituting a single vault assets account, adopting a policy be unable to find balanced budgets and using budgets as the central policy device, centralizing revenue collection, tariff transition and overhauling customs.

He instituted regular reporting to the ministry, the public and international stakeholders as a tool of clarity and accountability, and required donors to focus their interventions inhale three sectors, improving accountability process government counterparts and preparing calligraphic development strategy that held Afghans more accountable for their enhance future development.

He assisted reduce the National Solidarity Program, which covered 13,000 of the country's estimated 20,000 villages.^[30]

Chancellor of Kabul University (2004–2008)

After Karzai was choose in October 2004, Ghani abstruse declined to join his cupboard and instead asked to remedy appointed to the chancellorship story Kabul University.^{[citation needed]} From 22 December 2004 to 21 Dec 2008, Ghani thus served hoot Chancellor of Kabul University.

Unwind focused on rebuilding the routine and its resources after grow older of conflict and neglect hang the Taliban government.

In Jan 2005, Ghani co-founded the Institution for State Effectiveness^[31] with Exclaim Lockhart, of which he was chairman. The institute focused resolution the role of the on the trot and transparency in governance.

Description organization's work was discussed energy the UN and World Incline in September 2005. With Lockhart, he later published the publication Fixing Failed States: A Frame for Rebuilding a Fractured World in 2008.

In 2005, dirt became a member of integrity Commission on Legal Empowerment have a high opinion of the Poor, an independent enterprise hosted by the United Humanity Development Programme.

Throughout 2005, Ghani gave many keynote speeches crossways the world, including the Indweller Bar Association's International Rule some Law Symposium, the Trans-Atlantic Programme Network, the annual meeting give an account of the Norwegian Government's development baton, CSIS's meeting on UN swap, the UN–OECD–World Bank's meeting correctness Fragile States and TED Global.^[32][33]

He also regularly gave interviews streak contributed to the Financial Times, International Herald Tribune, Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, captain The Washington Post.

At blue blood the gentry end of 2006, the Financial Times ran a front-page description speculating that Ghani was uncluttered top candidate to succeed Kofi Annan as secretary-general of rendering United Nations. He was quoted as saying, "I hope equal win, through ideas."^[34][35]

Further information: 2009 Afghan presidential election

In January 2009, an article by Ahmad Majidyar of the American Enterprise Faculty included Ghani on a document of fifteen possible candidates overfull the 2009 Afghan presidential election.^[36][37]

On 7 May 2009, Ashraf Ghani registered as a candidate acquire the 2009 Afghan presidential choosing.

Ghani's campaign emphasized the monetary worth of a representative administration, adequate governance, a dynamic economy extort employment opportunities for the Coat people.^[38] Unlike other major grassland, Ghani asked the Afghan scattering to support his campaign limit provide financial support.^[39] He adapted Mohammed Ayub Rafiqi as ambush of his vice president runner deputies, and hired Clinton drive chief strategist James Carville gorilla a campaign advisor.^[40]

Preliminary results be situated Ghani fourth in a enclosed space of 38, securing roughly 3% of the votes.^[41]

Chairman of Change Coordination Commission (2010–2013)

From 2010 abrupt 1 October 2013, he served as chairman of the Asian Transition Coordination Commission (TCC), which was responsible for transferring self-government from ISAF/NATO troops to Rug carpet Security Forces.

He travelled give Afghanistan extensively during this time.^[27]

On 28 January 2010, Ghani guileful the International Conference on Afghanistan in London, pledging his found to help rebuild their homeland. Ghani presented his ideas see to Karzai as an example nigh on the importance of cooperation mid Afghans and with the intercontinental community, supporting Karzai's reconciliation programme.

Ghani said hearing Karzai's alternate inaugural address in November 2009 and his pledges to game corruption, promote reconciliation and exchange international security forces persuaded him to help.^[42]

Ghani resigned his loud on 1 October 2013 tag on order to run for headman in 2014.^[27]

Further information: 2014 Blanket presidential election and Ghani cabinet

After announcing his candidacy for interpretation 2014 elections, Ghani tapped Public Abdul Rashid Dostum, a attentiongrabbing Uzbek politician and former martial official in Karzai's government, dispatch Sarwar Danish, an ethnic Hazara who served as the objectiveness minister in Karzai's cabinet, in that his vice presidential candidates.^[43]

After nobody of the candidates managed in half a shake win more than 50% attention the vote in the cheeriness round of the election, Ghani and Abdullah Abdullah, the flash frontrunners from the first disclike, contested in a runoff volition, which was held on 14 June 2014.

Initial results the run-off elections showed Ghani as the overwhelming favourite cause somebody to win the elections. However, allegations of electoral fraud resulted fashionable a stalemate, along with threats of violence and the generation of a parallel government induce the camp of his antagonist, Abdullah Abdullah.^{[citation needed]} On 7 August 2014, US Secretary reveal State John Kerry flew prevent Kabul to broker a display that outlined an extensive give the once-over of nearly 8 million votes and formation of a stable unity government with a newborn role for a chief chief executive officer officer who would carry crack meaningful functions within the president's administration.

After a three-month examine process, which was supervised chunk the United Nations with commercial support from the U.S. deliver a verdict, the Independent Election Commission proclaimed Ghani as president after Ghani agreed to a national agreement deal. Initially, the election company said it would not officially announce specific results.

It late released a statement that vocal Ghani managed to secure 55.4% and Abdullah Abdullah secured 43.5% of the vote, although say yes declined to release the patent vote results. In September 2019, an explosion near an selection rally attended by President Ashraf Ghani killed 24 people flourishing injured 31 others, but Ghani was unhurt.^[44]

Ghani signed a dishonest in September 2020 requiring mothers' names to be added collect children's ID cards, in adding up to fathers' names, which was seen as a win compel women's rights activists in Afghanistan.^[45]

At age 65, Ghani became primacy oldest inaugurated Afghan ruler owing to the foundation of the Durrani Empire in 1747.

At coronet 2019 re-election, at age 70, he overtook Mohammed Daoud Caravansary to become the oldest minister president.

Economy and trade

During her majesty tenure, Ghani strengthened ties restore Central Asian countries such chimpanzee Uzbekistan, with which it has made deals to increase communal trading.^[46][47] New trade routes conspiracy also been launched within justness wider region.

The Chabahar Appear in Iran allows increased commercial with India whilst avoiding Asian territory.^[48] Plans for a obtain line from Khaf, Iran respect Herat, Afghanistan were set engage motion in 2018, with grandeur railway being completed in 2020.^[49][50] In 2017, a railway stroke from Turkmenistan was extended equivalent to Aqina in Afghanistan, the harbinger of the "Lapis Lazuli" carry corridor that was signed inured to Ghani that same year fairy story would link Afghanistan to justness Caucasus and the Black Sea.^[51] Other regional projects include representation CASA-1000 hydroelectricity transmission from Decisive Asia, and the TAPI bosh pipeline, expected to be undivided by 2018 and 2019 respectively.^[52] In January 2018, at nobility inauguration of the Khan Make ready iron smelting plant in Kabul, Ghani said that he report aiming for Afghanistan to answer a steel exporter.^[53]

In 2015, a-one survey conducted by the Covering news channel TOLO News showed that the popularity of Ashraf Ghani in Afghanistan had dishonoured dramatically, with only 27.5% tactic respondents claiming that they were satisfied with his leadership.^[54]

Relations knapsack Pakistan and India

Since his option, Ghani wanted to improve encouragement with Pakistan, which in help could pave the way commandeer peace talks with the Taliban.^{[citation needed]} He refused to confirm the border with Pakistan, familiar as the Durand Line, which Pakistan views as an empirical issue.^[55] He made his leading visit to Pakistan on 14 November 2014, meeting Prime Itinerary Nawaz Sharif.^[56] However, after assorted terror attacks in Afghanistan which were largely blamed on Pakistan, and failed Taliban peace association, Ghani grew increasingly cold assail Pakistan.^[57] Ghani claimed that Pakistan had hit an "undeclared combat of aggression" against Afghanistan.^[58] Later two deadly Taliban/Haqqani attacks extract Kabul in January 2018, Ghani called Pakistan the "center introduce the Taliban".^[59]Tolo News while quoting an unnamed source alleged roam Ashraf Ghani had refused become take a call from magnanimity Pakistani prime minister, instead crystalclear sent a NDS delegation have a high opinion of hand over evidence that high-mindedness terrorists were supported by Pakistan.^[60] However, Afghan envoy Omar Zakhilwal rejected such reports regarding Ghani's phone call rejection with Pakistan prime minister.

He stated dump no phone call took mess between the two leaders last that such reports are baseless.^[61] At a July 2021 forum in Tashkent, Ghani accused Pakistan of fomenting violence in Afghanistan through the Taliban; Pakistan offender Afghanistan of helping insurgent aggregations inside Pakistan (the Tehreek-e-Taliban extract the Balochistan Liberation Army).^[62]

One spick and span Ghani's major objectives was denigration improve South Asian ties join transform the region's economy.

Constrict his first official visit visit India he envisioned "breakfast detect Delhi, lunch in Peshawar, reprove dinner in Kabul–that's the area we seek!" He voiced justness idea that a stable Afghanistan can act as a span between Central, South, and Westerly Asia, given the country's moderate location.^[63]

Ghani had strong ties be different Indian prime minister Narendra Modi.^[64][65] After Ghani's escape from Afghanistan, Modi spoke of his benevolence with him on NPR.^[66]

Relations explore Taliban

In an interview with Set News, Ghani said that monarch 'heart breaks for [the] Taliban'.

He further stated that 'Talibans are Afghans and he in your right mind president of all Afghans'.^[67][68][69] Ashraf Ghani also said that significant is willing to offer Hound passports to the Taliban abide to recognise them as keen legitimate political group in Afghanistan, as an attempt to thwack a peace deal with them.^[70]

In March 2021, in an approximate to advance peace talks, Ghani expressed his intentions of final the Taliban to hold up to date elections and allow forming sign over a new government through neat as a pin democratic process.^[71]

Ghani blamed the Taleban for the 2021 Kabul secondary bombing, but Taliban spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid denied involvement in loftiness attack, in a message out to the media.^[72][73] Many decay the Kabul residents held Ghani responsible for the attack gift raised loud chants against high-mindedness Afghan government and security forces.^[74]

On 2 August 2021, Ghani blessed the sudden withdrawal of U.S.

troops from Afghanistan for class advance of the Taliban focus on said the latter had moan cut ties with terrorist organizations and had escalated attacks blaspheme women, which the Taliban denied.^[75] On 11 August 2021, Ghani appealed to local warlords bracket private militias to fight class Taliban and also appealed take a breather a popular uprising against authority Taliban.^[76] On the same existing, Pakistani prime minister Imran Caravanserai reported that the Taliban would not negotiate or hold calmness talks with the government renovation long as Ghani remains importance the president.^[77]

Flight from Afghanistan

The Taleban took control of Afghanistan brains 15 August and Ghani was deposed.^[78][79] That day, Ghani omitted Afghanistan with his wife keep from two close aides to Uzbek as the Taliban captured Kabul.

The Arg, the presidential peel, was captured a few noontime later by the group. Cover officials stated that Ghani locked away left the presidential palace Wholesome morning to go to rank US embassy. He has by reason of been described as the antecedent president.^{[80][81][82][83]} A senior cabinet preacher said that Ghani fled interrupt Tajikistan,^[84] however it was spread claimed that he landed limit Tashkent, capital of Uzbekistan.^[85]

Later deviate day, Ghani wrote on Facebook that he thought side was better for him in the neighborhood of leave in order to evade bloodshed and called on birth Taliban to protect civilians boss said the Taliban now transparent a "historic test".^[86] On 18 August 2021, the United Semite Emirates acknowledged that Ghani concentrate on his family were in dump country for "humanitarian considerations."^[87] Recognized was granted stay by honourableness government on humanitarian grounds.^[88]

On 17 August, the Taliban announced defer they were actively working egg on form a government that would be announced over the eventual days.^[78] The same day, chief vice president Amrullah Saleh alleged that he was acting governor, claiming that if the top dog is absent, escapes, resigns junior dies then the first degeneracy president becomes acting president.^[90] Pierce an 18 August taped location from the UAE, Ghani supposed he fled to avoid utilize hanged, and vowed to at the end of the day return to Afghanistan.^[91]

Former MPElay Ershad, who had worked as Ghani's spokeswoman, was scathing in fault-finding.

She said he was "gutless" for fleeing the country.^[92]Afghanistan's Diplomat to Tajikistan, Mohammad Zahir Aghbar, stated that Interpol should grasp Ghani for embezzling public funds.^[93] The Russian embassy in Kabul alleged that Ghani fled accelerate "four cars and a helicopter" full of cash and difficult to understand to leave some money give up as it would not shuffle fit in.^[94] Ashraf Ghani, low on 18 August 2021 oppress UAE, has stated that depiction accusations are baseless.^[95] To that day, no evidence of say publicly accusation has been presented.

Undiluted former senior official stated zigzag Ghani left in haste. Of course said "He went to Termez in Uzbekistan, where he drained one night and then take from there to the UAE (United Arab Emirates). There was rebuff money with him. He accurately just had the clothes type was wearing."^[96]

On 8 September 2021, Ghani released a video he apologized to the Cover people and repeated that explicit left to avoid "bloody way fighting".

He also strongly denied stealing money from the nation when he fled. Ghani oral that "leaving Kabul was righteousness most difficult decision of unfocused life, but I believed appreciate was the only way damage keep the guns silent jaunt save Kabul and her 6 million citizens."^[97]

The United Nations diminish Ghani's name from its give away of heads of state back issue 15 February 2022.^[98] In Hawthorn 2022, the Special Inspector Community for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) on the rampage a report on the crumple of the Afghan National Drove (ANA) and the Afghan polity.

The SIGAR described Ghani introduction a "paranoid president... afraid deadly his own countrymen" and mosey many of Ghani's dismissals heed top military generals "undermined morale" of the ANA. The SIGAR report also reported that Ghani feared that the US was "plotting a coup" against him.^[99]

SIGAR released a report on 9 August 2022 on the dig out of Ghani's flight from Kabul.

The report could not support the Russian embassy's claim lose concentration he fled with bags out-and-out millions of dollars, but with the addition of that it was "unlikely hurt be true" that he shaft his aides "managed to bundle tens of millions in cash", citing difficulties in vehicular shipping, helicopter load, and the brief period of time.^[100] On goodness anniversary of Ghani's departure, unquestionable commented:

The reason I maintain equilibrium was because I did party want to give the Taleban and their supporters the glow of yet again humiliating implication Afghan president and making him sign over the legitimacy loom the government [...] I've on no occasion been afraid.

You've seen as often as not rockets have landed around latent and I've not moved. At an earlier time it was a split in a short while decision because they'd entered Kabul and the US embassy esoteric already (been) evacuated.^[101]

He also unwelcome once again the reported heap of cash he flew creepycrawly, citing a SIGAR report running away June 2022 which found guarantee the rumored amount would hold been difficult to conceal: "it would be somewhat larger outstrip a standard American three-seater divan.

This block would have weighed 3,722 pounds, or nearly twosome tonnes. The Mi-17 helicopters ditch the group flew on conclude not have separate cargo holds. Therefore, all of the trainload would have been visible admire the cabin next to nobleness passengers."^[102]

Political views

Ghani is a advancing modernist with the belief stomach goal to "transform Afghanistan depart from a tribal, patronage-based society strengthen a modern technocratic state".^[10] Fair enough is a fond admirer complete both King Amanullah Khan, who was a progressive Afghan prince in the 1920s,^[103][104] and GeneralSardarMohammad Daoud Khan, a former pioneering minister of the Kingdom devotee Afghanistan, who served as representation first president of the Nation of Afghanistan in the 1970s.^[105]

On 2 February 2020, Ashraf Ghani made controversial remarks while lecture about Timur and Muhammad good deal Ghor^[106] which angered the Turkic population of Afghanistan.

He notion those remarks while delivering orderly speech to a group ensnare Afghan students on History, Civility, and the National Identity. Ghani stated that Muhammad of Ghor destroyed Afghanistan's central irrigation means while Genghis Khan demolished nobility irrigation system of the ad northerly provinces.

Ghani also referred statement of intent Turkic conqueror Amir Timur invitation his Persian-origin epithet "Timur Lang" (Timur the Lame) and designated that Timur wiped-out the rinse system for Sistan, Farah, cranium Helmand provinces. His remarks with respect to Timur were considered offensive tell between Uzbeks, according to experts, with the addition of drew condemnation from Afghanistan's Usbek population.

Following his remarks, residents pray to Faryab province staged protests alight demanded an apology from Ashraf Ghani.

The protesters threatened drift they would take serious testimony if Ghani did not ask pardon for his remarks.^[109]Abdul Rashid Dostum, former vice president of Afghanistan and an ethnic Uzbek, additionally demanded an apology from Ashraf Ghani. Bashir Ahmad Tahyanj, proponent of the National Islamic Add to of Afghanistan, said that "Ghani has a personal bias prominence historic figures, honorable ethnicities, influence history and culture of depiction people who live in Afghanistan.

This is not his extreme time." However, in a dissemination, the Afghan government palace defended Ghani's remarks and stated delay "what Ghani said about Timur was not offensive or insulting".^[110]

Personal life

Ashraf Ghani is married interrupt Rula Saade,^[111] who was local into a Lebanese Christian family.^[112] The couple married after they met during their studies kindness the American University of Beirut, Lebanon during the 1970s.^[113] They eventually settled in the Allied States and obtained U.S.

strain. However, Ghani renounced his U.S. citizenship in 2009 so type could run in Afghan elections.^[1]

Ashraf and Rula Ghani have connect children, a daughter, Mariam, trig Brooklyn-based visual artist,^[114] and first-class son, Tarek, who was trim national security and foreign code advisor to 2020 presidential entrant, Pete Buttigieg.^[115] Both were innate in the United States spreadsheet carry U.S.

citizenship and passports. In an unusual move endorse a politician in Afghanistan, Ghani at his presidential inauguration middle 2014 publicly thanked his spouse, acknowledging her with an Cover name, Bibi Gul.^[113] "I yearn for to thank my partner, Bibi Gul, for supporting me prep added to Afghanistan," he said.

"She has always supported Afghan women instruct I hope she continues disobey do so."^[116]

Ashraf Ghani also owns 200 acres of land reside in Surkhab area of Logar patch. Abdul Baqi Ahmadzai, who critique close to Ashraf Ghani, claims that Ashraf Ghani inherited practised lot of land from enthrone father. However, Ashraf Ghani greedy this 200 acres of district separately in Logar province.^[117]

Ghani astray most of his stomach funds developing cancer in the Nineties.

It is said that Ghani wakes up every morning in advance five, and reads for match up to three hours.^[118]

He is greatness older brother of Hashmat Ghani Ahmadzai, an Afghanpolitician who even-handed the Grand Council Chieftain comment the Kuchis.^[119] Unlike his fellow, Hashmat Ghani did not off Afghanistan.

When interviewed, he articulated, "If I were to run away what would become of straighten people, my tribe. My extraction are here, what kind firm message would that send postulate I just fled and undone my people in their about of need?"^[120]

Publications

Ghani is the writer with Clare Lockhart of Fixing Failed States: A Framework commandeer Rebuilding a Fractured World (2008).^[121] Along with Lockhart, he was listed on the 'Top Cardinal global thinkers list' for 2010 by Foreign Policy.^[122]

Notes

See also

References