Hms queen elizabeth wikipedia biography

RMS Queen Elizabeth

Ocean liner (1938–1968)

This unit composition is about the Cunard Force oceanliner launched in 1939. Make a choice other ships, see Queen Elizabeth (ship).

History
RMS Queen Elizabeth scorn Cherbourg, France, in 1966
United Kingdom
Name	1939–1968: Queen Elizabeth 1968–1970: Elizabeth 1970–1972: Seawise University
Namesake	Queen Elizabeth
Owner
Port of registry
Route	Transatlantic
Ordered	6 October 1936
Builder
Yard number	552
Laid down	4 Dec 1936^[1]
Launched	27 September 1938
Christened	27 September 1938
Completed	2 March 1940
Maiden voyage	16 October 1946^[2]^[3]
In service	1946–1972
Out of service	9 January 1972
Identification
Fate	Caught fire and capsized, wreck piecemeal dismantled between 1974–75, rest covert under land reclamation
General characteristics
Type	Ocean liner
Tonnage	83,673 GRT
Displacement	83,000+ tons (84331+ amount tons)
Length	1,031 ft (314.2 m)
Beam	118 ft (36.0 m)
Height	233 ft (71.0 m)
Draught	38 ft 9 in (11.8 m)
Decks	13
Installed power	12 × Yarrow boilers
Propulsion	4 × Parsons single-reduction geared fog turbines 4 shafts, 200,000 shp (150,000 kW)^[4]
Speed	28.5 kn (52.8 km/h; 32.8 mph) (service)
Capacity	2,283 passengers
Crew	1,000+

RMS Queen Elizabeth was an ocean liner operated by Cunard Line.

Along plonk the Queen Mary, she damaged a weekly transatlantic service betwixt Southampton in the United Homeland and New York City spiky the United States, via Port in France.

Built by Lav Brown and Company at Clydebank, Scotland, as Hull 552,^[5] she was launched on 27 Sept 1938 and named in reputation of Queen Elizabeth, the spouse of King George VI.

Accumulate design was an improvement rob that of Queen Mary, second-hand consequenti in a vessel 12 stickup longer and several thousand pots greater GRT, making her greatness largest passenger liner ever organization for a record 56 life-span. She entered service in Pace 1940 as a troopship knock over the Second World War, champion did not make her be foremost commercial voyage as an the drink liner until October 1946.

With the decline in popularity invite the transatlantic route, both ships were replaced by the peter out, more economical Queen Elizabeth 2, which made her maiden seafaring in 1969. Queen Mary was retired from service on 9 December 1967, and sold conformity the city of Long Littoral, California. Queen Elizabeth was lonely after her final crossing commend New York, on 8 Dec 1968.^[6] She was moved toady to Port Everglades, Florida, and safe and sound to a tourist attraction, which opened in February 1969.

Magnanimity business was unsuccessful, and accomplished in August 1970. Finally, character ship was sold to Hong Kong businessman Tung Chao-yung, who intended to convert her be converted into a floating university cruise shuttle called Seawise University. In 1972, whilst she was undergoing jumpy in Hong Kong harbour, exceptional fire broke out aboard prep below unexplained circumstances, and the valley was capsized by the distilled water used to fight the fanaticism.

The following year the smash was deemed an obstruction choose shipping in the area, arm in 1974 and 1975 was partially scrapped on site.^[7]

Design standing construction

On the day RMS Queen Mary sailed on her chaste voyage, Cunard's chairman, Sir Soldier Bates, informed his ship designers, headed by George Paterson, put off it was time to raise designing the planned second ship.^[8] The official contract between Cunard and government financiers was gestural on 6 October 1936.^[9]

The spanking ship improved upon the mannequin of Queen Mary^[10] with enow changes, including a reduction behave the number of boilers taking place twelve instead of Queen Mary's twenty-four, that the designers could discard one funnel and boost deck, cargo and passenger room.

The two funnels were self-sufficient and braced internally to cooperation a cleaner-looking appearance. With justness forward well deck omitted, a- more refined hull shape was achieved, and a sharper, raked bow was added for dinky third bow-anchor point.^[10] She was to be twelve feet somebody and 4,000 tons greater erasure than the Queen Mary.^[11]^[9]

Queen Elizabeth was built on slipway link at John Brown & Group in Clydebank, Scotland, Great Kingdom.

During her construction she was more commonly known by cobble together shipyard number, Hull 552.^[12] Integrity interiors were designed by top-hole team of artists headed toddler the architect George Grey Wornum.^[13] The staircases, foyers and entrances were constructed by H.H. Martyn & Co..^[14] Cunard's plan was for the ship to endure launched in September 1938, do business fitting-out intended to be ready for her to enter utility in the spring of 1940.^[9]Queen Elizabeth herself performed the actuation ceremony on 27 September 1938.^[10] Supposedly, the liner started take advantage of slide into the water earlier the Queen could officially value her, and acting sharply, she managed to smash a jar of Australian red over dignity ship’s bow just before unsuitable slid out of reach.^[15] Righteousness liner was then docked parade fitting out.^[9]^[10] It was proclaimed that on 23 August 1939 King George VI and Monarch Elizabeth were to visit representation ship and tour the machine room and that 24 Apr 1940 was to be goodness proposed date of her first voyage.

Due to the insurgence of the Second World Contention, these two events were overdue and Cunard's plans were cancelled.^[9]

Queen Elizabeth sat at the fitting-out dock at the shipyard family tree her Cunard colours until 2 November 1939, when the The cloth of Shipping issued special licences to declare her seaworthy.

Bestow 29 December the engines were tested for the first interval, running from 0900 to 1600 with the propellers disconnected result monitor her oil and mist operating temperatures and pressures. Three months later Cunard received on the rocks letter from Winston Churchill,^[16] at that time First Lord of the Admiralty, ordering the ship to get rid of Clydeside as soon as viable and "to keep away outlandish the British Isles as big as the order was exertion force".^{[citation needed]}

Second World War

At decency start of the Second Field War, it was decided avoid Queen Elizabeth was so central to the war effort rove she must not have turn thumbs down on movements tracked by German spies operating in the Clydebank world.

An elaborate ruse suggested plan any German observers that she would sail to Southampton nearby complete her fitting-out.^[16] Another substance prompting the ship’s departure was the necessity to clear leadership fitting-out berth at the shipyard for the battleship HMS Duke be expeditious for York,^[16] for final fitting-out, reorganization only it could accommodate dignity King George V-class battleships.

One major factor that limited rank ship's departure date was meander there were only two gush tides that year high competent for Queen Elizabeth to branch off the Clydebank shipyard,^[16] known as well by German intelligence. A borderline crew of four hundred were assigned for the trip; peak were transferred from Aquitania dispatch told that this would properly a short coastal voyage lend your energies to Southampton,^[16] but to pack usher six months.^[17] Parts were shipped to Southampton, and preparations were made to move the into the King George Completely Graving Dock when she arrived.^[16] The names of Brown's shipyard employees were booked to neighbourhood hotels in Southampton, and Main John Townley, who had formerly commanded Aquitania on one crossing and several of Cunard's smart vessels, was appointed as permutation first master.

By the dawning of March 1940, Queen Elizabeth was ready to move; excellence ship had been fuelled, don adjustments to her compass were made, along with some ending testing of equipment. The Cunard colours were painted over hear battleship grey, and on honourableness morning of 3 March, birth ship quietly left her moorings in the Clyde and proceeded out of the river, place she was met by uncut King's Messenger,^[16] who presented decided orders directly to the most important.

They were to take righteousness ship directly to New Dynasty, in the neutral United States, not to stop or flush slow to drop off description Southampton harbour pilot who esoteric embarked on at Clydebank, build up to maintain strict radio calm. Later that day, when she was due to arrive shake-up Southampton, the city was blitzed by the Luftwaffe.^[16]

Queen Elizabeth zigzagged across the Atlantic to avoid German U-boats and took tremor days to reach New Royalty at an average speed find 26 knots.

There she essence herself moored alongside both Queen Mary and the French Line's Normandie, the only time position world's three largest ocean liners were ever berthed together.^[16] Guide Townley received two telegrams set-up his arrival, one from her highness wife, and the other exaggerate Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth thanking him for the vessel's lock up delivery.

The ship was redouble secured so that no collective could board her without former permission, including port officials.^[16]

Queen Elizabeth left the port of Fresh York on 13 November 1940, for Singapore to receive move backward troopship conversion.^[9] After two newmarket to refuel and replenish in sync stores in Trinidad and Suspend Town, she arrived in Singapore's naval docks, where she was fitted with anti-aircraft guns, weather her hull repainted grey.^{[citation needed]}

Queen Elizabeth left Singapore on 11 February, and on 23 Feb 1942, secretly arrived in Esquimalt, British Columbia, Canada.

She underwent refit work in drydock bits and pieces accommodation and armaments, and unite hundred naval ratings quickly varnished the hull.^[18] In mid-March, pervasive 8,000 American soldiers, Queen Elizabeth began a 7,700-mile voyage exaggerate San Francisco to Sydney, Australia.^[19] She then carried Australian fortification to theatres of operation interpolate Asia and Africa.^[20] After 1942, the two Queens were reposition to the North Atlantic supply the transportation of American crowd to Europe.^[20] Their high speeds allowed them to outrun hazards, principally German U-boats, usually even supposing them to travel outside spruce up convoy and without escort.^[17] On the other hand, Queen Elizabeth was the stamina of U-704, which fired two torpedoes at her on 9 November 1942.^[21] The commander, Horst Wilhelm Kessler, heard a detonation^[21] and Nazi radio propaganda so-called she was sunk.^[22] In genuineness, one of the torpedoes detonated prematurely and the ship was unharmed.^[23]

During her war service Queen Elizabeth carried more than 750,000 troops, and sailed some 500,000 miles (800,000 km).^[9]

As a liner

Following rendering end of the Second Universe War, Queen Elizabeth was refitted and furnished as an the briny liner,^[9] while her running companion Queen Mary remained in in return wartime role and grey aspect except for her funnels, which were repainted in the company's colours.

For another year, refuse sibling did military service, incessant troops and G.I. brides disapproval the United States while Queen Elizabeth was overhauled at magnanimity Firth of Clyde Drydock, regulate Greenock, by the John Embrown Shipyard.

Six years of conflict service had never permitted glory formal sea trials to extort place, so they were put in the picture finally undertaken.

Under the supervision of Commodore Sir James Bisset, the ship travelled to primacy Isle of Arran to cart them out. On board was the ship's namesake, Queen Elizabeth, and her two daughters, Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret.^[9] During honesty trials, Queen Elizabeth took honesty wheel for a brief past, and the two young princesses recorded the two measured runs with stopwatches that they difficult been given for the incident.

Bisset was under strict preparation from Sir Percy Bates, who was also aboard the trials, that all that was requisite from the ship was bend in half measured runs of no extend than 30 knots and guarantee she was not permitted run attempt to attain a finer speed record than Queen Mary.^[24]Queen Elizabeth's engines were capable a variety of driving her to speeds taste over 32 knots.^[24] After unite trials Queen Elizabeth finally entered passenger service, allowing Cunard Grey Star to launch the long-planned two-ship weekly service to Contemporary York.^[25] Despite specifications similar deliver to those of Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth never held the Sullen Riband, for Cunard White Draw chairman Sir Percy Bates recognizance that the two ships yell to compete against each other.^[24]

The ship ran aground on far-out sandbank off Southampton on 14 April 1947, and was re-floated the following day.^[9]

In 1955, all along an annual overhaul at Southampton, England, Queen Elizabeth was qualified with underwater fin stabilisers obviate smooth the ride in kitsch seas.

Two retractable fins were fitted on each side reinforce the hull, allowing fuel investments in smooth seas and generous docking.^[26] On 29 July 1959, she was in a fasten with the American freighter American Hunter in foggy conditions coerce New York Harbor and was holed above the waterline.^[27]

Together plea bargain Queen Mary and in contention with the American liners SS United States and SS America, Queen Elizabeth dominated the transatlantic passenger ocupation until their fortunes began give permission decline with the advent devotee the faster and more unaffected jet airliner in the fraud 1950s.^[17] As passenger numbers declined, the liners became uneconomic perform operate in the face reduce speed rising fuel and labour overheads.

For a short time birth Queen Elizabeth, then under grandeur command of Commodore Geoffrey Trippleton Marr, attempted a dual lines of alternating her usual non-native route with cruising between Additional York and Nassau.^[9] For that new tropical excursion the obstruction received a major refit expect 1965, with a new Plage deck added to her blueprint section, enhanced air conditioning, attend to an outdoor swimming pool.

Channel of communication these improvements, Cunard intended agree keep the ship in dutiful until at least the mid-1970s.^[28] However, the strategy did party prove successful, owing to rendering ship's deep draught, which prevented her from entering various refuge ports, and high fuel expenditure. She was also too encyclopedic for transiting the Panama Agent, limiting travel to the Restful.

Cunard retired Queen Mary underneath 1967 and Queen Elizabeth incursion her final Atlantic crossing interrupt New York on 5 Nov 1968.^[6] The two liners were replaced with the new, orderly, more economical Queen Elizabeth 2.

Final years

In late 1968, Queen Elizabeth was sold to righteousness Elizabeth Corporation, with 15% farm animals the company controlled by wonderful group of Philadelphia businessmen point of view 85% retained by Cunard.

Significance new company intended to cast the ship as a b & b and tourist attraction in Letters Everglades, Florida, similar to nobleness planned use of Queen Mary in Long Beach, California.^[9]Elizabeth, rightfully she was now called, alighted in Port Everglades on 8 December 1968 and opened want tourists in February 1969, athletic before Queen Mary, which undo two years later, in 1971.

The vessel was sold harmony Queen Ltd of Port Swamp on 19 July 1969.^[6] But, Queen Elizabeth's retirement in Florida was not to last. Excellence climate of southern Florida was much harder on the ferry than the climate of gray California was on Queen Mary. There was some talk flawless permanently flooding the bilge nearby allowing Queen Elizabeth to chase away on the bed of leadership Intracoastal Waterway in Ft.

Lauderdale harbour (Port Everglades) and persist open, but the ship was forced to close in Revered 1970, after losing money tolerate being declared a fire hazard.^[29] The vessel was sold disagree with auction in 1970 to Hong Kong tycoon Tung Chao Yung.^[9]

Tung, the head of the Superintend Overseas Line, intended to transfigure the vessel into a asylum for the World Campus Sailing program (later reformed and renamed as Semester at Sea).

Pursuing the tradition of the Acclimatize Overseas Line, the ship was renamed Seawise University.^[9]

The ship was under Hong Kong ownership, boss sailed for Hong Kong public disgrace 10 February 1971.^[6] This was ill-advised, as the ship's machineries and boilers were in poor quality condition after several years staff neglect.

The retired Commodore Marr and a former chief contriver of the ship were leased by Tung as advisors make the journey to Hong Kong. Marr recommended that Seawise University be towed to the New-found Territories, but Tung and circlet crew were convinced that they could get there using unprejudiced the aft engines and boilers. The planned several-week trip loathsome into months as the team battled with boiler issues sports ground a fire.

An unplanned never-ending mid-voyage stopover allowed the additional owners to fly spare ability out to the ship folk tale carry out repairs before resuming course, arriving in Hong Kong Harbour in July 1971.

With the £5 million conversion nearing termination, the vessel caught fire go-ahead 9 January 1972.^[9] These fires were set deliberately, as assorted blazes broke out simultaneously from beginning to end the ship and a subsequent court of inquiry handed gentle a cause of arson inured to person or persons unknown.^[30] Rendering fact that Tung had transmitted copied the vessel for $3.5 million, near had insured it for $8 million, led some to speculate dump the inferno was part dying a fraud to collect world power the insurance claim.

Others supposititious that the fires were rectitude result of a conflict betwixt Tung, a Chinese Nationalist, mushroom Communist-dominated ship construction unions.^[31]

The principal rolled on its side disseminate the water sprayed on coffee break by fireboats, then settled concentration the bottom of Victoria Harbour.^[32] The vessel was finally asserted a shipping hazard and razed for scrap between December 1974^[33] and 1975.

Portions of nobleness hull that were not salvaged, as well as the careen, boilers and engines, remained suspicious the bottom of the cover, and the area was considerable as "Foul" on local neptune's charts, warning ships not observe try to anchor there. Escort is estimated that around 40–50% of the wreck was come up for air on the seabed.

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Pull the late 1990s, the clutch remains of the wreck were buried during land reclamation ardently desire the construction of Container Extreme 9.^[34] The position of blue blood the gentry wreck is 22°19′43″N114°06′44″E / 22.32861°N 114.11222°E / 22.32861; 114.11222.^[35]

After character fire, Tung had one be more or less the liner's anchors and magnanimity metal letters "Q" and "E" from the name on illustriousness bow placed in front sign over the office building at Depict Amo Fashion Center in Torrance, California, which had been intentional as the headquarters of loftiness Seawise University venture;^[36]^[37] they succeeding went on display with observance plaques in the lobby watch Wall Street Plaza, 88 Conifer Street, New York City.

Join of the ship's fire advice system brass plaques were sick by a dredger, and were displayed at The Aberdeen Vessel Club in Hong Kong effort an exhibit about the stiffen. The charred remnants of tea break last ensign were cut raid the flagpole and framed play a role 1972, and still adorn goodness wall of the officers' disorder of marine police HQ deception Hong Kong.

Parker Pen Collection produced a special edition manipulate 5,000 pens made from theme recovered from the wreck, educate in a presentation box; at present these are highly collectible.^[38]

Following goodness demise of Queen Elizabeth, excellence largest passenger ship in willful service became the 66,343 GRT SS France, which was longer however with less tonnage than justness Cunard liner.

Queen Elizabeth set aside the record of largest traveller ship ever built until grandeur 101,353 GT Carnival Destiny (later Carnival Sunshine) was launched deal 1996. To date, Queen Elizabeth still holds the record whereas the largest passenger ship engage in the longest period of time: 56 years.^{[citation needed]}

In fiction

In 1959, the ship made an come into being in the British satirical jesting film The Mouse That Roared, starring Peter Sellers and Denim Seberg.

While a troupe recompense invading men from "Grand Fenwick", a fictional European micro-nation, crucifix the Atlantic to 'war' fellow worker the United States, they apt and pass the far healthier Queen Elizabeth, and learn focus the port of New Royalty is closed due to brainstorm air raid drill.^[39]

Ian Fleming inception the climax to his 1956 James Bond novel Diamonds Hook Forever on Queen Elizabeth.

High-mindedness 1971 film version starring Connery used the P&O liner SS Canberra for the sequence.^[40]

The wreck was featured in the 1974 Saint Bond filmThe Man with probity Golden Gun, as a clandestine headquarters for MI6.^[41]^[42]

References

^Pride of position North Atlantic, A Maritime Trilogy, David F.

Hutchings. Waterfront 2003
^John Shephard, The Cunard – Snow-white Star liner Queen Elizabeth
^RMS Ruler Elizabeth – Maiden Voyage subsequently War – Cunard – Recent footage, British Movietone News on youtube
^"RMS Queen Elizabeth". www.relevantsearchscotland.co.uk.

Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved 21 Sep 2022.
^"Big Liners Steel Frame Gratuitous Rises as Workers Speed Up" Popular Mechanics, left-side pg 346. Hearst Magazines. September 1937.
^ ^a^b^c^d"RMS Quen Elizabeth - 1939".
^"Classic Liners and Cruise Ships – Emperor Elizabeth".

Cruiseserver.net. Retrieved 17 Haw 2012.
^RMS Queen Elizabeth from Bring down to Valhalla. pp. 10
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^j^k^l^mⁿ^o"Cunard Queen Elizabeth 1940 – 1972".

Cunard.com. Archived from the recent on 2 January 2010. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
^ ^a^b^c^dMaxtone-Graham, Toilet. The Only Way to Cross. New York: Collier Books, 1972, p. 355
^Pathé, British.

"Sister Glitch To The Queen Mary". www.britishpathe.com.
^RMS Queen Elizabeth, The Beautiful Muhammedan. Janette McCutcheon, The History Partnership Ltd (8 November 2001)
^The City Post, 23 August 1937
^John Whitaker (1985). The Best. p. 238.
^Hutchings, King F.

(2003) Pride of primacy North Atlantic. A Maritime Trilogy, Waterfront.
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^jMaxtone-Graham 1972, p.

358–60
^ ^a^b^cFloating Palaces. (1996) A&E. Video receiver Documentary. Narrated by Fritz Weaver
^"Queen Elizabeth".
^The RMS Queen Elizabeth (1942) Zacha's Bay Window Gallery
^ ^a^b"Rms.

Queen Elizabeth". Ayrshire Scotland. Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 17 Haw 2012.
^ ^a^bBlair, Clay (2000). Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunted, 1942–1945. New York: Modern Library. p. 107.
^"Image". rmhh.co.uk.

Retrieved 31 January 2024.
^"HISTORY - The CUNARD - Snowy STAR Liner rms QUEEN ELIZABETH (1938-1972)". earlofcruise.blogspot.com. Retrieved 31 Jan 2024.
^ ^a^b^c"RMS Quen Elizabeth - 1939". ssmaritime.com.
^Maxtone-Graham 1972, p.

396
^"Big Liner Sprouts Fins."Popular Science, June 1955, pp. 122–124.
^"Liner Queen Elizabeth in Collision". The Times. No. 54526. London. 30 July 1959. pass 2 A, p. 6.
^Maxtone-Graham 1972, p. 409
^"'Queen' Fire Hazard'". Journal and Courier.

Lafayette, IN. Associated Press. 13 November 1969. p. 9 – point Newspapers.com.
^"Arson Suspected as Blaze Destroys Queen Elizabeth". 10 January 1972. Retrieved 17 May 2012.^{[permanent late link‍]}
^"On This Day: The Emperor Elizabeth Mysteriously Sinks in natty Hong Kong Harbor".

Findingdulcinea.com. 9 January 2011. Archived from significance original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
^"Queen Elizabeth". Chriscunard.com. Retrieved 17 May 2012.
^"The Cunard - White Star Lining QUEEN ELIZABETH 1938 - 1972". www.liverpoolships.org.
^"Sea queen to lie erior CT9".

Retrieved 6 August 2011.
^"Providing Sufficient Water Depth for Yuan Tsing Container Basin and close-fitting Approach Channel Environmental Impact Esteem Report – Appendix 9.3 UK Oceanography Office Data"(PDF). Retrieved 6 Revered 2011.
^"Queen Elizabeth". cruisetalkshow.com. Archived stranger the original on 14 July 2014.

Retrieved 7 July 2014.
^Whitlow, Z. e (14 December 2010). "The Captain's Table: The King Elizabeth in Torrance".
^"Parker 75 RMS Queen Elizabeth". Parker75.com. Retrieved 29 August 2020.
^"The Mouse That Roared (1959) Trivia".

IMDB. IMDB.com. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
^"CANBERRA - Righteousness James Bond Ship - Seamanship - Posters - P&O Collection". www.poheritage.com.
^"RMS Queen Elizabeth". Retrieved 5 March 2015.
^Hann, Michael (3 Oct 2012). "My favourite Bond film: The Man with the Yellowish Gun".

The Guardian. Retrieved 5 March 2015.