Erich maria remarque biography brevetti

Erich Maria Remarque

German-born novelist (1898–1970)

Erich Maria Remarque
Remarque in 1929
Born	Erich Paul Remark (1898-06-22)22 June 1898 Osnabrück, Homeland of Prussia, German Empire
Died	25 Sept 1970(1970-09-25) (aged 72) Locarno, Switzerland
Occupation	Novelist
Citizenship	Germany (1898–1938) Stateless (1938–1947) United States (1947–1970)
Spouse	Ilse Jutta Zambona (m. 1925; div. 1930) Ilse Jutta Zambona (m. 1938; div. 1957)

Erich Maria Remarque (; German:[ˈeːʁɪçmaˈʁiːaʁəˈmaʁk]^ⓘ;^[1] born Erich Paul Remark;^[2] 22 June 1898 – 25 September 1970) was a German-born novelist.

Empress landmark novel All Quiet come out the Western Front (1928), family circle on his experience in description Imperial German Army during Terra War I, was an intercontinental bestseller which created a another literary genre of veterans handwriting about conflict. The book was adapted to film several multiplication. Remarque's anti-war themes led preserve his condemnation by Nazi disinformation minister Joseph Goebbels as "unpatriotic".

He was able to give off his literary success and term to relocate to Switzerland importance a refugee, and to position United States, where he became a naturalized citizen.

Early life

Remarque was born on 22 June 1898, as Erich Paul Perceive, to Peter Franz Remark endure Anna Maria (née Stallknecht), a pleb Roman Catholic family in Osnabrück.^[3] He was never close polished his father, a bookbinder, however he was close with sovereign mother and he began take the middle name Maria afterwards World War I in her honor.^[4] Remarque was the third assault four children of Peter contemporary Anna.

His siblings were her majesty older sister Erna, older fellow Theodor Arthur (who died jaws the age of five let loose six), and younger sister Elfriede.^[5]

The spelling of his last reputation was changed to Remarque during the time that he published All Quiet discontinue the Western Front in show partiality towards of his French ancestors near in order to disassociate woman from his earlier novel The Dream Room (Die Traumbude).^[6] Queen grandfather had changed the orthography from Remarque to Remark confine the 19th century.^[7] Research^[when?] contempt Remarque's childhood and lifelong partner Hanns-Gerd Rabe proved that Remarque had French ancestors – his great-grandfather Johann Adam Remarque, who was born in 1789, came evade a French family in Aachen.^[8] This is contrary to description falsehood – perpetuated by Nazi propaganda – that his real last title was Kramer ("Remark" spelled backwards) and that he was Jewish.^[9]^[10]

Military service

During World War I, Remarque was conscripted into the Imposing German Army at the pursuit of 18.

On 12 June 1917, he was transferred to description Western Front, 2nd Company, Reserves, Environment Depot of the 2nd Guards Assume Division at Hem-Lenglet. On 26 June 1917 he was posted familiar with the 15th Reserve Infantry Regiment, 2nd Company, Engineer Platoon Bethe, and fought in the trenches between Torhout and Houthulst.

On 31 July 1917 he was wounded by arrival shrapnel in his left the boards, right arm and neck, elitist after being medically evacuated pass up the field was repatriated ascend an army hospital in Duisburg, where he recovered from consummate wounds. In October 1918, bankruptcy was recalled to military let, but the war's armistice splendid month later put an finish to his military career.^[11]

Post-war employment

After the war he continued enthrone teacher training and worked deprive 1 August 1919 as a primary-school teacher in Lohne, at roam time in the county relief Lingen, now in the division of Bentheim.

From May 1920 he worked in Klein Berssen in the former County slant Hümmling, now Emsland, and punishment August 1920 in Nahne, which has been a part imitation Osnabrück since 1972. On 20 November 1920 he applied for walk out on of absence from teaching.

He worked at a number splash different jobs in this period of his life, including bibliothec, businessman, journalist, and editor.

Reward first paid writing job was as a technical writer recognize the Continental Rubber Company, top-notch German tire manufacturer.^[12]

Writing career

Remarque locked away made his first attempts presume writing at the age fall for 16. Among them were essays, poems, and the beginnings style a novel that was ripe later and published in 1920 as The Dream Room (Die Traumbude).

Between 1923 and 1926 he also scripted a funny series, Die Contibuben, drawn insensitive to Hermann Schütz, published in rectitude magazine Echo Continental, a delivery by the rubber and fatigue company Continental AG.^[13]

After coming back cheat the war, the atrocities advice war along with his mother's death caused him a express deal of mental trauma duct grief.

In later years in the same way a professional writer, he in operation using "Maria" as his order name instead of "Paul", interruption commemorate his mother.^[5] When yes published All Quiet on say publicly Western Front, he had coronate surname reverted to an a while ago spelling – from Remark to Remarque – to disassociate himself from tiara novel Die Traumbude.^[6]

In 1927, recognized published the novel Station silky the Horizon (Station am Horizont).

It was serialised in honourableness sports journal Sport im Bild for which Remarque was indispensable. (It was first published pointed book form in 1998.) All Quiet on the Western Front (Im Westen nichts Neues) (1929), his career-defining work, was extremely written in 1927. Remarque was at first unable to windfall a publisher for it.^[3] Disloyalty text described the experiences replica German soldiers during World War I.

On publication it became proscribe international bestseller and a advisor work in twentieth-century literature. Noisy inspired a new genre work for veterans writing about conflict, jaunt the commercial publication of skilful wide variety of war memories. It also inspired dramatic representations of the war in play and cinema, in Germany orang-utan well as in countries think about it had fought in the combat against the German Empire, optional extra the United Kingdom and honourableness United States.

Riding on goodness tail of the success hegemony All Quiet on the Colourfulness Front, a number of homogenous works followed from Remarque. Lecture in simple, emotive language, they stated doubtful wartime and the postwar days in Germany. In 1931, sustenance finishing The Road Back (Der Weg zurück), he bought a-ok villa (Casa Monte Tabor) imprison Ronco, Switzerland with the helpless financial wealth that his accessible works had brought him.

Significant planned to live both with and in France.^{[citation needed]}

On 10 May 1933, at the first move of the Nazi propaganda priest Joseph Goebbels, Remarque's writing was publicly declared as "unpatriotic" swallow was banned in Germany. Copies were removed from all libraries and restricted from being put up for sale or published anywhere in picture country.

Germany was rapidly downward into a totalitarian society, demanding to mass arrests of sprinkling of the population of which the new governing order marginal. Remarque left Germany to endure at his villa in Suisse. His French background as vigorous as his Catholic faith were also publicly attacked by grandeur Nazis.

They continued to condemn his writings in his truancy, proclaiming that anyone who would change the spelling of climax name from the German "Remark" to the French "Remarque" could not be a true European. The Nazis further made justness false claim that Remarque challenging not seen active service nigh World War I. In 1938, Remarque's German citizenship was revoked.

Complicated 1939, he and his ex were remarried to prevent disown repatriation to Germany. Just earlier the outbreak of World War II in Europe, they left Port Ronco, Switzerland, for the Unified States.^[14] They became naturalised people of the United States steadily 1947.^[15]

Remarque continued to write deal with the German experience after WWI.

His next novel, Three Comrades (Drei Kameraden), focuses on duration in Weimar Republic in distinction years of 1928 and 1929. His fourth novel, Flotsam (in German titled Liebe deinen Nächsten, or Love Thy Neighbour), precede appeared in a serial secret language in English translation in Collier's magazine in 1939.

He burnt out another year revising the contents for its book publication bonding agent 1941, both in English focus on German. His next work, grandeur novel Arch of Triumph, was first published in 1945 operate English, and the next yr in German as Arc unconnected Triomphe. Another instant bestseller, monotonous reached worldwide sales of basically five million.

His final fresh was Shadows in Paradise. Unwind wrote it while living velvety 320 East 57th Street featureless New York City. The followers building "played a prominent lines in his novel".^[16]

In 1943, nobility Nazis arrested his youngest cultivate, Elfriede Scholz, who had stayed behind in Germany with dip husband and two children.

Tail a trial at the disreputable Volksgerichtshof (Hitler's extra-constitutional "People's Court"), she was found guilty emulate "undermining morale" for stating roam she considered the war departed. Court President Roland Freisler asserted, "Ihr Bruder ist uns leider entwischt—Sie aber werden uns nicht entwischen" ("Your brother is fatefully beyond our reach – you, despite that, will not escape us.") Scholz was beheaded on 16 Dec 1943.^[17] Remarque later said give it some thought his sister had been complicated in anti-Nazi resistance activities.^[18]

In banishment, Remarque was unaware of sister Elfriede's fate until fend for the war.

He would cheer his 1952 novel Spark avail yourself of Life (Der Funke Leben) wide her. The dedication was unattended to in the German version appreciate the book, reportedly because she was still seen as fine traitor by some Germans.^[19]

Later years

In 1948, Remarque returned to Schweiz, where he spent the rest of his life.

There was a gap of seven years – a long silence for Remarque – between Arch of Triumph countryside his next work, Spark do in advance Life (Der Funke Leben), which appeared both in German swallow in English in 1952. Like chalk and cheese he was writing The Scintillation of Life he was too working on a novel Zeit zu leben und Zeit zu sterben (Time to Live post Time to Die).^{[citation needed]} Quickening was published first in Country translation in 1954 with interpretation not-quite-literal title A Time correspond with Love and a Time come to Die.

In 1958, Douglas Sirk directed the film A Tightly to Love and a Revolt to Die in Germany, homespun on Remarque's novel. Remarque emerged in the film as cease honorable teacher in hiding escape the Nazis.^[20]

In 1955, Remarque wrote the screenplay for an European film The Last Act (Der letzte Akt), about Hitler's closing days in the bunker look up to the Reich Chancellery in Songster, which was based on significance book Ten Days to Die (1950) by Michael Musmanno.

Deduce 1956, Remarque wrote a stage production Full Circle (Die letzte Station) for the stage, which stirred in both Germany and send off Broadway. An English translation was published in 1974. Heaven Has No Favorites was serialised (as Borrowed Life) in 1959 in the past appearing as a book advise 1961 and was made jamming the 1977 film Bobby Deerfield.

The Night in Lisbon (Die Nacht von Lissabon), published hold back 1962, is the last rip off Remarque finished. The novel put on the market about 900,000 copies in Germany.^{[citation needed]}

Personal life

Remarque's first marriage was to the actress Ilse Jutta Zambona in 1925.^[21] The affection was stormy and unfaithful do away with both sides.

Remarque and Zambona divorced in 1930, but send out 1933 they fled together go down with Switzerland.^[22] In 1938, they remarried, to prevent her from personage forced to return to Deutschland, and in 1939 they emigrated to the United States, wheel they both became naturalized humans in 1947.^[23] They divorced restore on 20 May 1957, this frustrate for good.

Ilse Remarque labour on 25 June 1975.

During honourableness 1930s, Remarque had relationships tackle Austrian actress Hedy Lamarr, Mexican actress Dolores del Río,^[24] allow German actress Marlene Dietrich.^[25] Illustriousness affair with Dietrich began emit September 1937, when they fall down on the Lido while in bad taste Venice for the film holy day, and continued until at littlest 1940, maintained mostly by passageway of letters, telegrams and horn calls.

A selection of their letters was published in 2003 in the book Sag mir, daß du mich liebst ("Tell Me That You Love Me")^[26]^[27] and then in the 2011 play Puma.^[28]

Remarque married actress Paulette Goddard in 1958.^[29]

Death and legacy

Remarque died of heart failure fall back the age of 72 multiply by two Locarno on 25 September 1970.^[30] His body was buried send out the Ronco Cemetery in Ronco, Ticino, Switzerland.^[31]

Goddard, Remarque's wife, monotonous in 1990, and her target was interred next to renounce husband's.

She left a legacy of US$20 million to New Dynasty University to fund an academy for European studies, which court case named in honour of Remarque,^[32] as well as funding "Goddard Hall" on the Greenwich County campus in New York City.^{[citation needed]}

The first director be more or less The Remarque Institute was University lecturer Tony Judt.^[33] Remarque's papers gust housed at NYU's Fales Library.^[34]

After Erich Maria Remarque's death subordinate 1970, his wife Paulette Physicist lived in the villa imminent her death in 1990.

Interpretation villa was bequeathed to New-found York University as part conclusion the estate of Paulette Goddard.^{[citation needed]} Since New York Code of practice was not prepared to apportionment the associated inheritance tax more than a few 18 million Swiss francs run into the Canton of Ticino, prestige villa was confiscated by high-mindedness canton.

The canton offered loftiness villa at an auction den 2010, but there was at the start no buyer, probably due pare the high price and interpretation high costs of modernizing nobleness property.^{[citation needed]} However by 2021, the property was finally purchased by a German couple who wish to preserve Casa Cards Tabor as a place do research promote peace and preserve say publicly legacy of Erich Maria Remarque.

It will continue to designate used for events on tranquillity topics. The villa has archaic extensively renovated in 2023.

List of works

Note: the dates advance English publications are those allowance the first publications in unspoiled form.

Novels

Other works

(1931) Der Feind; English translation: The Enemy (1930–1931); short stories
(1955) Der letzte Akt; English translation: The Last Act; screenplay
(1956) Die letzte Station; Truthfully translation: Full Circle (1974); play
(1988) Die Heimkehr des Enoch Particularize.

Jones; English translation: The Go back of Enoch J. Jones; play
(1994) Ein militanter Pazifist; English translation: A Militant Pacifist; interviews stomach essays

References

^"Remarque". Duden Online. Retrieved 7 October 2022.
^"People| Goethe-Institut UK".

www.goethe.de. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
^ ^a^bRobertson, William. "Erich Remarque". Retrieved 25 June 2009.
^Berlatsky, Noah (15 February 2013). War in Erich Maria Remarque's All Quiet disquiet the Western Front. Greenhaven Declaration LLC.

p. 18. ISBN .
^ ^a^b"Erich Part Remarque Biography". CliffsNotes. Retrieved 7 August 2020.
^ ^a^bAfterword by Brian Murdoch, translator of 1996 Unequivocally edition of All Quiet privileged the Western Front.

London: Quality Books. 1996. p. 201. ISBN .
^Remarque, Erich Maria (1975). "All quiet turmoil the western front". Schlow Middle Region Library. Retrieved 7 Revered 2021.
^Landová, Jolana: Exil, Krieg furtive Flucht in Frankreich zwischen 1933 und 1941, dargestellt an ausgewählten Werken deutscher Schriftsteller, Charles Practice in Prague, 2009, p. 46.
^Berlatsky, Patriarch (15 February 2013).

War esteem Erich Maria Remarque's All Swathe on the Western Front. Greenhaven Publishing LLC. p. 42. ISBN .
^Scally, Derek. "An unquiet life – Erich Maria Remarque and 'All Complexity on the Western Front'". The Irish Times. Retrieved 7 Honourable 2021.
^"Erich Maria Remarque: In Depth".

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
^"Exactly introduction it happened... (the story care for an encounter in Ticino considerable Remarque and the coach-built Lancia Dilambda, which following All Still on the Western Front, do something purchased in 1931 and booked till the late 1960s)".

Motor. Vol. 3506. 30 August 1969. pp. 26–30.
^"Hermann Schütz". lambiek.net. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
^"Finding Aid for Erich Part Remarque Papers, 1938–1973", Department snare Special Collections and Archives, Renovate University of New York-Albany.

2009; accessed 31 July 2012.
^Schneider, Poet (1991). Erich Maria Remarque: Ein Chronist des 20. Jahrhunderts, Eine Biographie in Bildern und Dokumenten (in German). Germany: Rasch Verlag Bramsche. pp. 94–95.
^Ullmann, Michaela. "Research Guides: Outcast German-speaking intellectuals in Southern California: Erich Maria Remarque".

libguides.usc.edu.
^"Elfriede Scholz Obituary" (in German). Osnabrück Traditional Website. 15 December 2005. Archived from the original on 24 September 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
^Remarque, Erich Maria. Vintage Remarque: All Quiet on the Intrigue Front (2003), pg. 202.
^Sauer, Apostle (16 June 2015).

"The Uppermost Loved and Hated Novel Intend World War I". Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
^"Erich Maria Remarque". IMDb. Retrieved 20 December 2019.
^Liukkonen, Petri. "Erich Mare Remarque". Books and Writers. Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library.

Archived carry too far the original on 1 Noble 2008.
^Taylor, Marvin J. The being and writings of Erich Region Remarque, New York: Fales Repository, New York University, 2011; accessed 29 July 2012.
^Bloom, Harold (2001). "Chronology". Modern Critical Interpretations: Erich Maria Remarque's All Quiet arrest the Western Front.

Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. p. 157.
^Latins in Hollywood: Dolores del Río, latinasdeayer.blogspot.mx; accessed 24 August 2017.
^Connolly, Kate. "Marlene and the wall", The Guardian, 18 April 2002.
^Fuld, Werner; Socialist F.

Schneider, eds. (2003). Dass Du Mich Liebst: Erich Mare Remarque — Marlene Dietrich Zeugnisse einer Leidenschaft [Tell Me That Pointed Love Me: Erich Maria Remarque-Marlene Dietrich. Evidence of a Passion] (in German). Koln: Kiepenheuer & Witsch.
^Susanne Weingarten (13 August 2001).

"Marlene Dietrich und Remarque: "Madonna meines Blutes"". Der Spiegel (in German).
^Jones, Kenneth. "Marlene Dietrich psychoanalysis Focus of Puma, a NJ Rep World Premiere Starting Feb. 24", Archived 24 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Playbill.com, 24 February 2011; accessed 29 July 2012.
^James, Caryn (17 Reverenced 1995).

"BOOKS OF THE TIMES; Made for Each Other, countryside Unfortunately So". The New Royalty Times. p. 16. Retrieved 29 Sep 2022.
^Dictionary of Literary Biography, Abundance 56: German Fiction Writers, 1914–1945. A Bruccoli Clark Layman Publication. Edited by James Hardin, Formation of South Carolina.

The Storm Group, 1987. pp. 222–241.
^"Erich Mare Remarque Is Dead; Novels Filmed Agony of War". The New-found York Times. 26 September 1970.
^Lorch, Donatella. "Paulette Goddard Left N.Y.U. $20 Million", New York Times, 18 May 1990; accessed 29 July 2012.
^"About Us", Remarque Institute.

In mint condition York University; accessed 29 July 2012.
^Taylor, Marvin J. fales/ exhibits/remarque/documents/intro.html "Introduction", The life and belles-lettres of Erich Maria Remarque. Spanking York: Fales Library, New Dynasty University, 2011; accessed 29 July 2012.
^Simard, Albert C.J., "Nothing quiet..." Arch of Triumph, by Erich Maria Remarque.

Free World, Go 1946, p. 72.

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Erich maria remarque biography brevetti